How Long Does It Take to Get Portuguese Citizenship?

Portugal has become one of Europe’s most sought-after destinations for migration, thanks to its rich culture, safe environment, and strategic location in the European Union. One of the key long-term benefits of residing in Portugal is the possibility of obtaining Portuguese citizenship. Whether you are moving for work, study, family, or historical ties, the pathway to becoming a Portuguese citizen offers a range of options with varied timelines. In this comprehensive blog, we will break down the typical durations for different routes to Portuguese citizenship, helping you understand the processes involved and what to expect.

Citizenship by Naturalization

Citizenship by naturalization is one of the most common routes for foreigners who have established a life in Portugal. As of recent legal reforms, individuals who legally reside in Portugal for five years (reduced from the previous six) are eligible to apply for citizenship. During this period, applicants must hold a valid residence permit and demonstrate ties to the country. Requirements include passing a basic Portuguese language test (A2 level), having no serious criminal record, and proving integration into Portuguese society, which may be shown through employment, schooling, or community involvement.

Once the five-year residency requirement is met, the processing time for the citizenship application itself typically ranges between 12 to 24 months. This period includes document verification, background checks, and review by relevant authorities. However, the process can take longer if there is a high volume of applications or if any documents are missing or unclear. Being proactive and submitting a complete, well-prepared application can help reduce delays. Hiring a legal professional or immigration consultant can also be beneficial in navigating bureaucratic hurdles and avoiding costly errors that could prolong the process.

Citizenship by Marriage or Civil Union

Another common pathway to Portuguese citizenship is through marriage or a civil union with a Portuguese citizen. The eligibility criteria depend on the duration of the relationship and whether the couple has children. Generally, if the couple has been married or in a registered union for at least three years and shares a Portuguese child, the foreign spouse can apply for citizenship. If there are no Portuguese children, the requirement increases to six years. Applicants must also prove that their union is genuine and that they have established effective ties to the Portuguese community. Click Here

The processing timeline for citizenship through marriage or civil union is typically 12 to 24 months after submission. Like naturalization, the duration can vary depending on factors such as the quality of the application, whether interviews are required, and the responsiveness of the registry offices. Providing thorough documentation—including a marriage certificate, joint residence proof, and evidence of shared life—can help speed up the process. Although this route can appear straightforward, officials may scrutinize relationships they suspect are only for immigration purposes, so it is crucial to present clear and consistent evidence.

Citizenship by Descent (Parents or Grandparents)

Citizenship by descent is available to individuals who can prove they are the children or grandchildren of Portuguese citizens. This pathway is one of the most straightforward, especially for applicants who have a Portuguese parent. In such cases, applicants do not need to have lived in Portugal, nor do they need to demonstrate knowledge of the language or integration into the society. For grandchildren, eligibility depends on showing that the ancestor retained Portuguese nationality and that the applicant maintains effective ties to Portugal, such as frequent visits or language proficiency.

For children of Portuguese citizens, the application process is generally faster, often completed within 6 to 12 months, because the law recognizes the right to citizenship by birth. For grandchildren, however, the timeline can stretch to 24 to 36 months, especially if the documentation is complex or needs verification across different jurisdictions. It is important to have all official documents, including birth, marriage, and possibly death certificates, translated and certified. While this route can be lengthy, it offers a relatively high approval rate when well-documented, making it worth the effort for those with Portuguese heritage.

Citizenship for Descendants of Sephardic Jews

Portugal offers a special path to citizenship for descendants of Sephardic Jews expelled during the Inquisition in the 15th century. This law was introduced in 2015 as a gesture of historical reparation. Applicants must prove Sephardic ancestry through genealogical records and must obtain a certificate from a recognized Jewish community in Portugal, such as the Jewish Community of Lisbon or Porto. Applicants are not required to reside in Portugal or demonstrate knowledge of Portuguese, though new regulations now require additional ties, such as property ownership or regular visits.

Processing times for this pathway have varied significantly over the years. While early applicants sometimes received approval in under a year, recent changes and stricter scrutiny have led to delays. Currently, most applications take 18 to 36 months to process. Given the complexity of proving lineage and the high standards for documentation, delays are often due to incomplete or inconsistent genealogical evidence. In 2022, the government introduced reforms to reduce fraudulent claims, which further slowed down the process. If considering this route, it’s advisable to consult with genealogical experts or legal professionals familiar with the new requirements.

Citizenship by Adoption

Citizenship by adoption is available for minors adopted by Portuguese citizens. The process requires that the adoption be recognized under Portuguese law. In most cases, if a child under the age of 18 is legally adopted by a Portuguese national—whether domestically or abroad—they become eligible for citizenship. The child must have a legal adoption decree, and the adopting parent must hold full parental rights. This process is often used in international adoptions or by expats living in Portugal who adopt locally or internationally.

In terms of processing time, citizenship by adoption is typically among the faster routes, especially when all legal requirements are fulfilled and documentation is accurate.

The average timeframe ranges between 6 to 12 months. The speed of the process depends largely on how quickly the adoption is recognized under Portuguese jurisdiction and how efficiently the authorities process the citizenship request. Given the sensitivity surrounding child welfare and adoption, the government typically prioritizes these applications. To ensure a smooth process, it is essential to work closely with both legal experts and adoption agencies familiar with Portuguese family law.

Citizenship for Minor Children of Residents

Minor children of foreign residents in Portugal can also acquire citizenship under certain conditions. According to Portuguese nationality law, a child born in Portugal to foreign parents who have legally resided in the country for at least five years may apply for Portuguese nationality. This does not necessarily require one of the parents to already hold Portuguese citizenship. Additionally, minor children who move to Portugal with their parents and complete at least one cycle of basic education in the country may also be eligible for citizenship.

The processing time for citizenship for minor children is generally quicker than adult applications, averaging around 6 to 12 months. These applications are often prioritized due to their relevance to education and family unity. As long as documentation is thorough—including residence records, school enrollment confirmation, and birth certificates—the process is relatively efficient. This pathway is particularly helpful for immigrant families who settle in Portugal and wish to integrate fully. It’s worth noting that once a minor receives Portuguese nationality, they enjoy the same rights and privileges as any other citizen, including access to education, healthcare, and travel across the EU.

What Affects Processing Times?

Several factors influence how long it takes to acquire Portuguese citizenship, regardless of the pathway. One major factor is the completeness and accuracy of the application. Missing documents, incorrect translations, or outdated records can lead to requests for clarification, which significantly slow down the process. Language barriers and lack of familiarity with Portuguese legal requirements can also result in delays. Submitting a thorough and accurate application is one of the most important steps you can take to keep your timeline as short as possible.

Another critical factor is bureaucratic efficiency and workload at the registry office or Ministry of Justice. In high-demand periods, such as after legislative changes, the influx of applications can overwhelm the system, leading to backlogs and longer wait times. Different regional offices may also have varying levels of efficiency. Some may be faster or slower depending on staffing and local policies. Applicants who monitor their case, respond quickly to requests for information, and stay informed on changing regulations generally experience smoother, faster outcomes.

Tips to Speed Up Your Citizenship Process

If you want to speed up your Portuguese citizenship application, preparation is key. Start by gathering all the required documents early, including birth and marriage certificates, proof of residence, language certificates, and any lineage documentation. Ensure that all documents are properly translated and certified according to Portuguese requirements. For some pathways, such as descent or Sephardic ancestry, the genealogical documentation can take months to compile, so starting early will give you a head start. Using checklists and reviewing recent changes in the law will help avoid unnecessary delays.

Another effective strategy is to seek professional assistance. Hiring an immigration lawyer or legal advisor who specializes in Portuguese nationality law can make a significant difference. These professionals can guide you through the application, help gather and validate documents, and communicate with authorities on your behalf. Finally, maintain proactive communication with the relevant government office. Follow up regularly, respond promptly to any queries, and remain patient. Citizenship is a significant legal process, and being organized, informed, and persistent can substantially improve your experience and reduce the overall time required.

Conclusion: The Path to Portuguese Citizenship

Gaining Portuguese citizenship is a rewarding but often time-consuming journey. Depending on your personal circumstances—whether through naturalization, marriage, descent, adoption, or special historical pathways like Sephardic Jewish ancestry—the time it takes to complete the process can range from 6 months to over 3 years. While some paths are faster and more straightforward, others require extensive documentation and deep historical verification. Understanding the eligibility criteria and preparing early are crucial steps in ensuring a smoother and more efficient application experience.

Ultimately, Portuguese citizenship opens doors to numerous opportunities, including the right to live, work, and travel freely within the European Union. With patience, thorough preparation, and possibly the support of legal professionals, your goal of becoming a Portuguese citizen is entirely achievable. The key lies in knowing the specific requirements of your route, being meticulous with paperwork, and staying informed about any changes in the law. With these strategies, you can significantly increase your chances of a successful—and timely—citizenship outcome.